Summary: Researchers report the PIEZO1 gene may be responsible for tactile allodynia, a reaction to injury that makes normal touch feel painful.
Source: NIH/NINDS.
Ever wonder why things that normally feel gentle, like putting on soft shirts, are painful after a sunburn? In a study of four patients with a rare genetic disorder, NIH researchers found that PIEZO2, a gene previously shown to control our sense of our bodies in space and gentle touch, may also be responsible for tactile allodynia: the skin’s reaction to injury that makes normally gentle touches feel painful. This and a second NIH-funded study, both published in Science Translational Medicine, used mice to show how the gene may play an essential role in the nervous system’s reaction to injury and inflammation, making PIEZO2 a target for developing precise treatments for relieving the pain caused by cuts, burns, and other skin injuries.
“For years scientists have been trying to solve the mystery of how gentle touch becomes painful. These results suggest PIEZO2 is the gene for tactile allodynia. We hope that these results will help researchers develop better treatments for managing this form of pain,” said Alexander T. Chesler, Ph.D., a Stadtman Investigator at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) and a senior author of one of the studies.
The PIEZO2 gene encodes what scientists call a mechanosensitive protein which produces electrical nerve signals in response to changes in cell shape, such as when skin cells and neurons of the hand are pressed against a table. Since its discovery in mice by a team led by Ardem Patapoutian, Ph.D., Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, the lead author of the second paper, scientists have proposed that PIEZO2 plays an important role in touch and pain in humans.
In 2016, Dr. Chesler’s team worked with the group of Carsten G. Bönnemann, M.D., senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), to show that two patients who had mutations in PIEZO2 that eliminated its activity lacked proprioception, or a sixth sense of how our bodies are positioned in space. They were also unable to feel vibrations and were less sensitive to certain forms of gentle touch.
In this new study, Drs. Chesler and Bönnemann worked with pain expert Catherine Bushnell, Ph.D., at NCCIH, to examine four more patients at the NIH’s Clinical Center and found that PIEZO2 controls tactile allodynia after a skin injury. To test for allodynia the researchers had participants sit at a table facing a barrier that blocked their view of their arms. The researchers then dabbed two creams onto a participant’s arm. One was a placebo, which had no effect, and the other contained capsaicin, the ingredient that makes chili peppers hot and causes inflammation, as seen with sunburns.
The researchers found stark differences between how the capsaicin affected control participants and ones with mutations in PIEZO2. Swiping a cotton swab around the capsaicin patch consistently caused control participants to feel pain, which allowed each one to correctly identify where the inflammation was even though they could not see their arms. In contrast, the participants with the PIEZO2 mutation felt no difference between the areas where capsaicin and placebo had been applied.
“What’s remarkable about the PIEZO2-deficient participants is the ‘clarity’ of their conditions. With their help we’re getting fundamental new insights about how the loss of PIEZO2 affects them specifically and learning what PIEZO2 is normally used for, which could be of immense medical importance to all other people,” said Dr. Bönnemann. “This type of PIEZO2-dependent pain makes it very hard to apply bandages to burns and wounds that are important for healing. Most pain treatments numb large areas of the body. Our results suggest that if we could shut down PIEZO2 in the area of a wound, we would hopefully relieve the pain and speed recovery.”
Further experiments in mice by Dr. Chesler and Dr. Patapoutian confirmed the results observed in patients. Deleting PIEZO2 eliminated gentle touch sensations in mice as well as those felt during inflammation and injury.
Although neither study shows exactly how inflammation causes pain, their results suggest that inflammation does not alter the ability of PIEZO2 to detect gentle touches. For instance, Dr. Chesler’s group showed in control mice that inflammation had no major effect on how the PIEZO2-containing neurons fired in response to gentle brushing. Instead, their results support the Gate Theory, which states that inflammation causes gentle touches to feel painful because neurons in the brain or spinal cord reinterpret signals from the rest of the body.
“It appears that inflammation doesn’t change the ability of neurons in the skin to sense gentle touch but instead reroutes the information that’s sent throughout the rest of the nervous system,” said Dr. Patapoutian. “We hope these results help pain researchers better understand the mechanisms behind tactile allodynia.”
Funding: This work was supported by the NCCIH and NINDS intramural research programs, NIH grants (NS105067, DE022358, DE025329), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, European Research Council grant (AdG 789128), and the Berlin Institute for Health.
Source: Jane Engle – NIH/NINDS
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Courtesy of the Chesler lab, NIH/NCCIH.
Original Research: Open access research for “PIEZO2 mediates injury-induced tactile pain in mice and humans” by Marcin Szczot, Jaquette Liljencrantz, Nima Ghitani, Arnab Barik, Ruby Lam, James H. Thompson, Diana Bharucha-Goebe, Dimah Saade, Aaron Necaise, Sandra Donkervoort, A. Reghan Foley, Taylor Gordon, Laura Case, M. Catherine Bushnell, Carsten G. Bönnemann and Alexander T. Chesler in Science Translational Medicine. Published October 10 2018.
doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aat9892
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]NIH/NINDS”Gene That Makes Gentle Touch Feel Painful After Injury Identified.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 10 October 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-pain-touch-10002/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]NIH/NINDS(2018, October 10). Gene That Makes Gentle Touch Feel Painful After Injury Identified. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved October 10, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-pain-touch-10002/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]NIH/NINDS”Gene That Makes Gentle Touch Feel Painful After Injury Identified.” https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-pain-touch-10002/ (accessed October 10, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
PIEZO2 mediates injury-induced tactile pain in mice and humans
Tissue injury and inflammation markedly alter touch perception, making normally innocuous sensations become intensely painful. Although this sensory distortion, known as tactile allodynia, is one of the most common types of pain, the mechanism by which gentle mechanical stimulation becomes unpleasant remains enigmatic. The stretch-gated ion channel PIEZO2 has been shown to mediate light touch, vibration detection, and proprioception. However, the role of this ion channel in nociception and pain has not been resolved. Here, we examined the importance of Piezo2 in the cellular representation of mechanosensation using in vivo imaging in mice. Piezo2-knockout neurons were completely insensitive to gentle dynamic touch but still responded robustly to noxious pinch. During inflammation and after injury, Piezo2 remained essential for detection of gentle mechanical stimuli. We hypothesized that loss of PIEZO2 might eliminate tactile allodynia in humans. Our results show that individuals with loss-of-function mutations in PIEZO2 completely failed to develop sensitization and painful reactions to touch after skin inflammation. These findings provide insight into the basis for tactile allodynia, identify the PIEZO2 mechanoreceptor as an essential mediator of touch under inflammatory conditions, and suggest that this ion channel might be targeted for treating tactile allodynia.
