Summary: Cholinesterase inhibitors such as galantamine, donepezil, and rivastigmine, appear to generate persistent cognitive benefits, and increased life span for up to five years in Alzheimer’s patients.
Source: Karolinska Institute
Cholinesterase inhibitors are a group of drugs recommended for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, but their effects on cognition have been debated and few studies have investigated their long-term effects.
A new study involving researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and published in the journal Neurology shows persisting cognitive benefits and reduced mortality for up to five years after diagnosis.
Alzheimer’s disease is a cognitive brain disease that affects millions of patients around the world. Some 100,000 people in Sweden live with the diagnosis, which has a profound impact on the lives of both them and their families. Most of those who receive a diagnosis are over 65, but there are some patients who are diagnosed in their 50s.
The current cost of care and treatment for people with dementia is approximately SEK 60 billion a year in Sweden. This is on a par with the cost of care and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and is twice as high as cancer care.
In Alzheimer’s disease changes to several chemical neurotransmitters in the brain are found, and thus to the ability of the neurons to communicate with each other. Acetylcholine is one such substance and plays a key role in cognitive functions such as memory, attention and concentration.
There are three drugs that work as cholinesterase inhibitors and that are used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine.
The effects of cholinesterase inhibitors have, however, been debated, partly because there are relatively few longitudinal clinical studies. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and Umeå University have now conducted a registry study of patients with Alzheimer’s disease over a period of five years from point of diagnosis.
The study is based on data from SveDem (the Swedish Dementia Registry) on 11,652 patients treated with cholinesterase inhibitors and a matched control group of 5,826 untreated patients.
The results showed that treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors was associated with slower cognitive decline over five years, and 27 per cent lower mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease compared with the controls.
“Of all three drugs, galantamine had the strongest effect on cognition, which may bedue to its effect on nicotine receptors and its inhibiting effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,” says the study’s first author Hong Xu, postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet.
“Our results provide strong support for current recommendations to treat people with Alzheimer’s disease with cholinesterase inhibitors, but also shows that the therapeutic effect lasts for a long time,” says the study’s last author and initiator Maria Eriksdotter, professor at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet.
Funding: The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE), the ALF scheme, the Swedish Order of St John, the Swedish Society for Medical Research, and the Strategic Research Area in Neuroscience (StratNeuro), Karolinska Institutet.
About this Alzheimer’s disease research news
Source: Karolinska Institute
Contact: Press Office – Karolinska Institute
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Original Research: Closed access.
“Long Term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality” by Hong Xu et al. Neurology
Abstract
Long Term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality
Objective: To investigate whether Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are associated with slower cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s dementia, and decreased risk of severe dementia or death.
Methods: Alzheimer’s dementia patients from the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem) starting on ChEIs within three months of the dementia diagnosis were included and compared to non-treated Alzheimer’s dementia patients. In a propensity score matched cohort, the association between ChEI-use and cognitive trajectories assessed by MMSE scores were examined with a mixed model, and severe dementia (MMSE<10) or death as outcomes with Cox proportional hazards models.
Results: The matched cohort included 11,652 ChEI-users and 5,826 non-users. During an average of 5 years follow up, 255 cases developed severe dementia and 6,055 (35%) died. ChEI-use was associated with higher MMSE at each visit (0.13 MMSE points/year; 95% confidence interval-CI 0.06, 0.20). ChEI-use had a 27% lower risk of death (0.73; CI 0.69, 0.77) compared with non-users. Galantamine was associated with lower risk of death (0.71; CI 0.65, 0.76), lower risk of severe dementia (0.69; CI 0.47-1.00), and had the strongest effect on cognitive decline of all the ChEIs (0.18 MMSE points/year, CI 0.07, 0.28).
Conclusions: ChEIs are associated with cognitive benefits which are modest but persist over time and with reduced mortality risk, which could be explained partly by their cognitive effects. Galantamine was the only ChEI demonstrating a significant reduction in the risk of developing severe dementia.
Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with Alzheimer’s dementia, ChEIs decrease long term cognitive decline and risk of death, and that galantamine decreases the risk of severe dementia.
