Summary: CPAP treatments for sleep apnea have the potential to reduce dementia risk, a new study reports.
Source: University of Queensland
Researchers at The University of Queensland have discovered a link between obstructive sleep apnoea and an increased risk of developing dementia.
Professor Elizabeth Coulson from UQ’s Queensland Brain Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences and her team found a causal relationship between a lack of oxygen to the brain during sleep and Alzheimer’s disease in mice.
“We found sleep deprivation alone in mice caused only mild cognitive impairment,” Professor Coulson said.
“But we developed a novel way to induce sleep-disrupted breathing and found the mice displayed exacerbated pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease.
“It demonstrated that hypoxia – when the brain is deprived of oxygen – caused the same selective degeneration of neurons that characteristically die in dementia.”
Professor Coulson said the next step would be to determine what levels of hypoxia result in brain degeneration in humans.
“It’s estimated around 50 per cent of elderly people have obstructive sleep apnoea, when their throat muscles intermittently collapse and block the airway during sleep causing their breathing to stop and start,” she said.
The current gold standard treatment is a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine, which keeps the airway open during sleep and allows oxygen to the brain.
“We couldn’t fit CPAP to mice, but we experimentally prevented the hypoxia and this stopped the cognitive impairment and neuron death, and also reduced the Alzheimer’s pathology,” Professor Coulson said.
“This suggests that CPAP treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea has the potential to reduce dementia risk.”
Professor Coulson said the findings could change the way dementia clinicians diagnose and treat their patients.
“Thirty per cent of people with obstructive sleep apnoea being fitted for CPAP machines already display signs of dementia-like cognitive impairment,” she said.
“Unfortunately the hospital system isn’t referring those people to dementia clinics.
“Some dementia clinicians have reported their patient’s memory has improved after their sleep problems were identified and treated.”
Professor Coulson said not everyone with obstructive sleep apnoea would get dementia.
“But we need to define the ‘at risk’ population,” she said.
“Early stage human trials are underway with sleep clinicians in Brisbane and Sydney to determine the correlation between hypoxia and sustained cognitive impairment, and whether CPAP can reduce dementia risk.
“I would strongly recommend anyone with obstructive sleep apnoea use a CPAP machine to maintain cognitive function, as well as assist with other health issues.”
About this sleep apnea and dementia research news
Author: Quinn Jones
Source: University of Queensland
Contact: Quinn Jones – University of Queensland
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Open access.
“Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to sleep-disordered breathing exacerbates pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease” by Elizabeth Coulson et al. Nature Communications
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to sleep-disordered breathing exacerbates pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Although epidemiological studies indicate that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) such as obstructive sleep apnea is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanisms of the risk remain unclear.
Here we developed a method of modeling SDB in mice that replicates key features of the human condition: altered breathing during sleep, sleep disruption, moderate hypoxemia, and cognitive impairment.
When we induced SDB in a familial AD model, the mice displayed exacerbation of cognitive impairment and the pathological features of AD, including increased levels of amyloid-beta and inflammatory markers, as well as selective degeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. These pathological features were not induced by chronic hypoxia or sleep disruption alone.
Our results also revealed that the cholinergic neurodegeneration was mediated by the accumulation of nuclear hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha.
Furthermore, restoring blood oxygen levels during sleep to prevent hypoxia prevented the pathological changes induced by the SDB. These findings suggest a signaling mechanism whereby SDB induces cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration.
