Summary: Study reports girls and boys show similar rates of concern for ASD and identifies several biases contributing to the inflated sex ratio for autism diagnosis. The findings could help with the early identification of girls on the autism spectrum.
Source: University of Minnesota
Published in Biological Psychiatry, a multidisciplinary study led by the University of Minnesota demonstrated that an equal number of girls and boys can be identified as having concerns for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when screened earlier, correcting large gender differences in current diagnoses.
“Conventional wisdom has been that more boys than girls have ASD,” said study lead author Casey Burrows, Ph.D., L.P., an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota Medical School and a psychologist with M Health Fairview.
“Our research shows that girls and boys show similar rates of concerns for ASD and identifies some of the biases contributing to the inflated sex ratios. We hope this research will bring relief to women and girls who have struggled socially without knowing why.”
Using data from the Infant Brain Imaging Study Network, the study used a less-biased sample that tracked a group of children at higher likelihood of developing ASD (e.g., infant siblings of autistic children) from six to 60 months of age.
The study found that there are equally as many girls identified as having ASD-related concerns when children are screened early and when corrected for sex-based bias in diagnostic instruments. This is in sharp contrast to the current 4-to-1 sex ratio when following standard clinical referral processes.
“We know the screening processes and diagnostic tools in ASD often miss many girls who later go onto receive an ASD diagnosis,” said Dr. Burrows, who is also a member of the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain.
“This prevents many girls from receiving early intervention services at a time when they can have the most impact in early childhood. Most studies in ASD focus on children after they are diagnosed, missing information about symptoms in children who are missed by common screening practices.”
The research team looked at whether girls and boys presented with similar symptoms and found subtle differences in the structure of core symptoms of ASD. After correcting for these differences, the subgrouping analysis identified a ‘high concern’ group that had 1-to-1 male to female sex ratio.
“This approach — unbiased ascertainment, ensuring that our instruments are measuring what we think they are measuring — may help address current disparities in autism identification,” according to Jed Elison, Ph.D., an associate professor at the Institute of Child Development and Medical School and co-author on the paper.
“It is imperative to acknowledge and understand the limitations of traditional diagnostic and screening approaches and generate creative solutions to identify all children who could benefit from early intervention services.”
Researchers are planning to follow up on this work by examining how children in the high social concern group fare in primary to secondary school ages. They are also investigating group differences in underlying brain structure and function.
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01-HD055741, R01-MH118362-01, R01-MH118362-02S1, U54-HD079124, P50-HD103573 (project ID 8084), U54-HD086984), Autism Speaks, and the Simons Foundation (140209). Dr. Burrows was supported by a NIH career development award (K12-HD055887).
About this autism research news
Author: Kat Dodge
Source: University of Minnesota
Contact: Kat Dodge – University of Minnesota
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Closed access.
“A data driven approach in an unbiased sample reveals equivalent sex ratio of autism spectrum disorder associated impairment in early childhood” by Casey Burrows et al. Biological Psychiatry
Abstract
A data driven approach in an unbiased sample reveals equivalent sex ratio of autism spectrum disorder associated impairment in early childhood
Background
Sex differences in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders are particularly evident in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Heterogeneous symptom presentation and the potential of measurement bias hinder early ASD detection in females, and may contribute to discrepant prevalence estimates. We examined trajectories of social communication (SC) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in a sample of infant siblings of autistic children, adjusting for age- and sex-based measurement bias. We hypothesized that leveraging a prospective elevated familial likelihood sample, deriving data-driven behavioral constructs, and accounting for measurement bias would reveal less discrepant sex ratios than are typically seen in ASD.
Methods
We conducted direct assessments of ASD symptoms at 6-9, 12-15, 24, and 36-60 months of age (total Nobservations=1254) with infant siblings of autistic children (N=377) and a lower ASD-familial-likelihood comparison group (N=168; Nobservations=527). We established measurement invariance across age and sex for separate models of SC and RRB. We then conducted latent class growth mixture modeling with the longitudinal data and evaluated for sex differences in trajectory membership.
Results
We identified two latent classes in the SC and RRB models with equal sex ratios in the high-concern cluster for both SC and RRB. Sex differences were also observed in the SC high-concern cluster, indicating that girls classified as “elevated social concerns” demonstrate milder symptoms than boys in this group.
Conclusions
This novel approach for characterizing ASD symptom progression highlights the utility of assessing and adjusting for sex-related measurement bias and identifying sex-specific patterns of symptom emergence.
