How brain injury can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder

Summary: Traumatic brain injury caused five times as many neurons in the amygdala to be active during white noise exposure in rats. Altered sensory processing within subcortical sensory-emotional networks following TBI impacts the facilitation of traumatic memory and may contribute to the development of PTSD.

Source: UCLA

Post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. military members frequently follows a concussion-like brain injury. Until now, it has been unclear why. A UCLA team of psychologists and neurologists reports that a traumatic brain injury causes changes in a brain region called the amygdala; and the brain processes fear differently after such an injury.

“Is one causing the other, and how does that occur?” asked senior author Michael Fanselow, who holds the Staglin Family Chair in Psychology at UCLA and is the director of UCLA’s Staglin Music Festival Center for Brain and Behavioral Health. “We’re learning.”

Two groups of rats were studied. Through surgery, a concussion-like brain injury was produced in 19 of the rats. Sixteen other rats — a control group — also had the surgery, but did not sustain a brain injury. All of the rats were then exposed to a low level of noise, followed by a series of moderate, brief foot shocks. The foot shocks were frightening to the rats, but not very painful, Fanselow said. Because the rats learned to associate the noise with the shock, they became afraid of the noise.

Rats tend to stand still when they experience fear. When they recall a frightening memory, they freeze. Their heart rate and blood pressure go up — and the stronger the memory, the more they freeze, Fanselow said. On the experiment’s third day, the researchers again exposed the rats to the same place where they had been shocked, but did not give them any additional shocks, and studied their reactions.

The rats in the control group did freeze, but the rats that received the brain injury froze for a much longer time. The researchers discovered that even without receiving a foot shock, the rats that had a brain injury showed a fear response to the noise.

“Sensitivity to noise is a common symptom after concussion, which suggested to us that this might partly explain why fear reactions to certain stimuli are increased after brain injury,” said Ann Hoffman, a UCLA researcher in psychology and lead author of the research, which is published in the journal Scientific Reports.

“It’s almost as if the white noise acted like the shock,” Fanselow said. “The noise itself became scary to them, even though it wasn’t much noise. They treated it almost like a shock.”

The researchers studied the amygdala, which is known to be crucial in learning fear. People with anxiety disorders have increased activity in the amygdala, and PTSD has been linked to increased activity in the amygdala.

The amygdala is made up of neurons, and a rat’s amygdala has about 60,000. The researchers discovered that five times as many neurons in the amygdala were active during the white noise in the rats with the brain injury than in the control group, Hoffman said.

The amygdala listens to other brain areas that provide it with information. “The amygdala makes a decision whether a situation is frightening, and when it decides a situation is frightening, it generates a fear response,” Fanselow said.

Another new discovery the researchers report is that after the traumatic brain injury, the brain processes sounds from a more primitive part of the brain — the thalamus — than from a more sophisticated, highly evolved area of the brain — the auditory cortex. The thalamus provides a more simplistic, crude representation of sound than the auditory cortex. About four times as many neurons were active in a network from the thalamus to the amygdala in the rats with the injury than in the control group rats, Hoffman said.

This is a drawing of a man sitting on a chair holding their head
The researchers studied the amygdala, which is known to be crucial in learning fear. People with anxiety disorders have increased activity in the amygdala, and PTSD has been linked to increased activity in the amygdala. The image is in the public domain.

The study raises the question of whether it is possible to get the brain’s amygdala back to normal following a concussion-like injury, perhaps through behavioral therapy or a pharmaceutical. If so, that could benefit members of the military, as well as civilians who have had serious brain injuries, Fanselow said. He and his team will continue their research in an effort to answer this question.

Co-authors are David Hovda, a professor of neurosurgery at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and director of UCLA’s Brain Injury Research Center; Christopher Giza, director of the UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT program and professor of neurosurgery and pediatrics at the Geffen School of Medicine; and Jamie Lam, a UCLA psychology undergraduate.

Funding: The research was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, a UCLA Depression Grand Challenge Fellowship Fund, Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, and UCLA Brain Injury Research Center.

About this neuroscience research article

Source:
UCLA
Media Contacts:
Stuart Wolpert – UCLA
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.

Original Research: Open access
“Sensory sensitivity as a link between concussive traumatic brain injury and PTSD”. Ann N. Hoffman, Jamie Lam, David A. Hovda, Christopher C. Giza & Michael S. Fanselow.
Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50312-y.

Abstract

Sensory sensitivity as a link between concussive traumatic brain injury and PTSD

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to military personnel, a population often exposed to stressful stimuli and emotional trauma. Changes in sensory processing after TBI might contribute to TBI-post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comorbidity. Combining an animal model of TBI with an animal model of emotional trauma, we reveal an interaction between auditory sensitivity after TBI and fear conditioning where 75 dB white noise alone evokes a phonophobia-like phenotype and when paired with footshocks, fear is robustly enhanced. TBI reduced neuronal activity in the hippocampus but increased activity in the ipsilateral lateral amygdala (LA) when exposed to white noise. The white noise effect in LA was driven by increased activity in neurons projecting from ipsilateral auditory thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus). These data suggest that altered sensory processing within subcortical sensory-emotional circuitry after TBI results in neutral stimuli adopting aversive properties with a corresponding impact on facilitating trauma memories and may contribute to TBI-PTSD comorbidity.

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