Summary: Study reveals the posterior inferior parietal lobe plays a critical role in integrating information from different sources during decision-making tasks.
Source: RIKEN
Three RIKEN neuroscientists have found a region of the brain in macaques that is responsible for integrating information from different sources during decision making.
This finding, published in Cell Reports, will help inform research into psychiatric disorders that interfere with introspection.
Sometimes when making decisions, we have to draw on both our memories and the current facts in front of us. One example is attempting to decipher a hastily scribbled note while simultaneously trying to recall what we were writing about. To arrive at a decision, our brains assign levels of confidence to the two sources of information and then combine them.
Known as metacognition, this ability to self-evaluate thoughts and memories underpins many behaviors. But it hasn’t been clear where the brain integrates this information when making decisions.
Now, by conducting experiments on macaque monkeys, Kentaro Miyamoto, Rieko Setsuie and Yasushi Miyashita, all at the RIKEN Center for Brain Science, have shown that a brain region known as the posterior inferior parietal lobe (pIPL) performs this integration.
Monkeys were shown an image, and had to decide whether they had seen it before or not. To assess their confidence in their decision, the monkeys then had to bet on it by selecting between high-risk/high-reward or low-risk/low-reward options.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the monkeys selected the high-risk option more often when they had answered the question correctly than when they had answered it incorrectly. This showed that the monkeys were employing effective metacognition processes.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging during these experiments revealed that the pIPL was active while the monkeys were weighing their betting options based on the memory test.
Miyamoto was surprised by this. “The prefrontal cortex is thought to be the key region for overseeing behavior and making decisions based on rules; some believe it’s where ‘the intelligence of the soul’ resides,” he explains.
“So I was very surprised that the whole-brain mapping indicated that a region at the back of the brain was active during metacognition.”
The pIPL drew on information from three brain regions in the prefrontal cortex that Miyamoto’s and Miyashita’s team had previously found are involved in determining confidence in memories. “The memory system itself is not found in the prefrontal cortex, but the prefrontal cortex is important for reading out the confidence in memories,” says Miyamoto.
The pIPL then sent a signal to another region, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, to implement the betting decision.
Miyamoto intends to explore metacognition processing at the neuronal level and investigate its connection with psychiatric disorders in which people compulsively behave in ways they don’t want to.
About this decision-making research news
Author: Press Office
Source: RIKEN
Contact: Press Office – RIKEN
Image: The image is credited to RIKEN
Original Research: Open access.
“Conversion of concept-specific decision confidence into integrative introspection in primates” by Kentaro Miyamoto et al. Cell Reports
Abstract
Conversion of concept-specific decision confidence into integrative introspection in primates
Highlights
- Time-consuming compensatory process for metacognitive evidence operates in macaques
- The pIPL encodes the interaction of performance and confidence
- The pIPL integrates confidence specific for the concept of experience and novelty
- The pIPL prompts dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to output strategic actions
Summary
Introspection based on the integration of uncertain evidence is critical for acting upon abstract thinking and imagining future scenarios.
However, it is unknown how confidence read-outs from multiple sources of different concepts are integrated, especially considering the relationships among the concepts. In this study, monkeys performed wagering based on an estimation of their performance in a preceding mnemonic decision.
We found that the longer the response times for post-decision wagering, the more relieved the impairments having been caused by frontal disruption. This suggests the existence of a time-consuming compensatory metacognitive process.
We found posterior inferior parietal lobe (pIPL) as its candidate, which was not coding the wagering per se (i.e., just high bet or low bet), but became more active when monkeys successfully chose the optimal bet option based on mnemonic decision performance.
Thereafter, the pIPL prompts dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to carry the chosen wagering option. Our findings suggest a role for the pIPL in metacognitive concept integration.
