Summary: Physicists report their findings about neurons and brain activity goes against conventional belief and could call into question thousands of scientific studies. They also believe their findings could impact new research into the origins of neurodegenerative diseases.
Source: Bar-Ilan University.
Neurons are the basic computational building blocks that compose our brain. Their number is approximately one Tera (trillion), similar to Tera-bits in midsize hard discs. According to the neuronal computational scheme, which has been used for over a century, each neuron functions as a centralized excitable element. The neuron accumulates its incoming electrical signals from connecting neurons through several terminals, and generates a short electrical pulse, known as a spike, when its threshold is reached.
Using new types of experiments on neuronal cultures, a group of scientists, led by Prof. Ido Kanter, of the Department of Physics at Bar-Ilan University, has demonstrated that this century-old assumption regarding brain activity is mistaken.
In an article published today in the journal Scientific Reports, the researchers go against conventional wisdom to show that each neuron functions as a collection of excitable elements, where each excitable element is sensitive to the directionality of the origin of the input signal. Two weak inputs from different directions (e.g., “left” and “right”) will not sum up to generate a spike, while a strong input from “left” will generate a different spike waveform than that from the “right”.
“We reached this conclusion using a new experimental setup, but in principle these results could have been discovered using technology that has existed since the 1980s. The belief that has been rooted in the scientific world for 100 years resulted in this delay of several decades,” said Prof. Kanter and his team of researchers, including Shira Sardi, Roni Vardi, Anton Sheinin, and Amir Goldental.
The new results call for a re-examination of neuronal functionalities beyond the traditional framework and, in particular, for an examination into the origin of degenerative diseases. Neurons which are incapable of differentiating between “left” and “right” — similar to distortions in the entire human body — might be a starting point for discovering the origin of these diseases.
The new realization for the computational scheme of a neuron calls into question the spike sorting technique which is at the center of activity of hundreds of laboratories and thousands of scientific studies in neuroscience. This method was mainly invented to overcome the technological barrier to measure the activity from many neurons simultaneously, using the assumption that each neuron tends to fire spikes of a particular waveform which serves as its own electrical signature. However, this assumption, which resulted from enormous scientific efforts and resources, is now questioned by the work of Kanter’s lab.
Funding: This research is supported in part by the TELEM grant of the Council for Higher Education in Israel.
Source: Elana Oberlander – Bar-Ilan University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Tommy Leonardi.
Original Research: Full open access research for “New Types of Experiments Reveal that a Neuron Functions as Multiple Independent Threshold Units” by Shira Sardi, Roni Vardi, Anton Sheinin, Amir Goldental & Ido Kanter in Scientific Reports. Published online December 21 2017 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18363-1
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Bar-Ilan University “Physicists Negate Century-Old Assumption Regarding Neurons and Brain Activity.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 21 December 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/neurons-brain-activity-8227/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Bar-Ilan University (2017, December 21). Physicists Negate Century-Old Assumption Regarding Neurons and Brain Activity. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved December 21, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/neurons-brain-activity-8227/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Bar-Ilan University “Physicists Negate Century-Old Assumption Regarding Neurons and Brain Activity.” https://neurosciencenews.com/neurons-brain-activity-8227/ (accessed December 21, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
New Types of Experiments Reveal that a Neuron Functions as Multiple Independent Threshold Units
Neurons are the computational elements that compose the brain and their fundamental principles of activity are known for decades. According to the long-lasting computational scheme, each neuron sums the incoming electrical signals via its dendrites and when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold the neuron typically generates a spike to its axon. Here we present three types of experiments, using neuronal cultures, indicating that each neuron functions as a collection of independent threshold units. The neuron is anisotropically activated following the origin of the arriving signals to the membrane, via its dendritic trees. The first type of experiments demonstrates that a single neuron’s spike waveform typically varies as a function of the stimulation location. The second type reveals that spatial summation is absent for extracellular stimulations from different directions. The third type indicates that spatial summation and subtraction are not achieved when combining intra- and extra- cellular stimulations, as well as for nonlocal time interference, where the precise timings of the stimulations are irrelevant. Results call to re-examine neuronal functionalities beyond the traditional framework, and the advanced computational capabilities and dynamical properties of such complex systems.
“New Types of Experiments Reveal that a Neuron Functions as Multiple Independent Threshold Units” by Shira Sardi, Roni Vardi, Anton Sheinin, Amir Goldental & Ido Kanter in Scientific Reports. Published online December 21 2017 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18363-1
