Facial Expression Software Knows Which Olympic Medal Makes You Happier and Why

Summary: Facial expression analysis reveals bronze medalists were more likely to smile on the podium than silver medalists, while gold medalists were displayed the happiest facial expressions.

Source: University of Minnesota

This Friday, when the Summer Olympics begin in Tokyo, gold, silver and bronze medals will be handed out in more than 300 events. Prior research, using human coding, has revealed that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists. However, scholars have debated the reasons why for years.

According to new research from the Carlson School of Management published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, facial expression software — which nearly eliminates possible bias — offers important insight. The research was led by William Hedgcock, an associate professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management.

Hedgcock and his team compiled the largest dataset ever used to study this phenomenon and are the first to use facial expression software. Altogether, they studied medal stand photographs of 413 athletes from 142 sporting events, representing 67 countries, across five Olympic Summer Games between 2000 and 2016. Using commercial facial expression software, they compared the facial appearance of all three medalists both to what position they finished and how they were predicted to finish.

The results replicated and expanded on what was previously found: bronze medalists were more likely to exhibit a smile than silver medalists, while gold medalists were happier than other medalists. Two explanations supported by the study, both based on what scientists refer to as counterfactual thinking, are:

  • Silver medalists formed an upward comparison to the gold medalists with thoughts of “I almost won gold,” while bronze medalists formed a downward comparison to a fourth-place finisher with thoughts of “at least I won a medal.”
  • Medalists form their thoughts based on what their expectations were entering the event, with silver medalists being more disappointed because their prior expectations for performance were higher than bronze medalists.

“Now we have a better idea why athletes who did objectively better, as in won silver versus bronze, might appear less happy,” explained Hedgcock. “The notion of making upward and downward comparisons not only applies to Olympic medalists, but also to many aspects of life such as performance at work, school or when making purchases, for example.

This shows olympic medals
The results replicated and expanded on what was previously found: bronze medalists were more likely to exhibit a smile than silver medalists, while gold medalists were happier than other medalists. Credit: University of Minnesota

“Our experience with this study suggests the software, which has primarily been used in controlled settings, is also useful for large-scale facial expression studies in less-controlled, real-world applications,” commented Hedgcock in regards to this study opening the door for more research of this kind.

About this facial expression research news

Source: University of Minnesota
Contact: Press Office – University of Minnesota
Image: The image is credited to Minnesota

Original Research: Closed access.
Counterfactual thinking and facial expressions among Olympic medalists: A conceptual replication of Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich’s (1995) findings” by Hedgcock, W. M., Luangrath, A. W., & Webster, R. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General


Abstract

Counterfactual thinking and facial expressions among Olympic medalists: A conceptual replication of Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich’s (1995) findings

Counterfactual thinking, or contemplation of “what could have been,” influences facial expressions of Olympic medalists. Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) revealed that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists after competition in Olympic events. Two prominent explanations for this phenomenon exist: the formation of (a) category-based counterfactuals and (b) expectation-based counterfactuals.

First, Medvec et al. (1995) demonstrated that silver medalists formed an upward comparison to the gold medalist with thoughts of “I almost won Gold” while bronze medalists formed a downward comparison to a fourth place finisher with thoughts of “at least I won a medal.”

A second explanation suggests that medalists form expectation-based counterfactuals in which silver medalists are more disappointed since their prior expectations for performance were higher than bronze medalists (McGraw, Mellers, & Tetlock, 2005).

To test these 2 explanations, we compiled a large dataset of medal stand photographs from the Olympic Multimedia Library and Getty Images for the 2000–2016 Olympic games as well as Sports Illustrated’s predictions.

Using automated facial expression encoding, we conducted a conceptual replication of prior work and found evidence supporting both category-based and expectation-based counterfactual accounts of Olympic medalists’ expressions.

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