Summary: Hyperactivation in specific brain areas may be an early biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers found those who reported concerns over diminished memory skills, and with other risk factors for Alzheimer’s, showed signs of hyperactivation in brain areas prior to the diagnosis of dementia.
Source: University of Montreal
Abnormally hyperactive areas in the brain may help better predict the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, according to findings of a research team led by Université de Montreal psychology professor Sylvie Belleville, scientific Director of the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal research centre.
Hyperactivation could be an early biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease, the researchers say in their study published today in Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, co-authored by Belleville and Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier, a doctoral student she supervises.
Worried about their memory
In their research, the team found hyperactivation in certain brain areas in people not yet diagnosed with Alzheimer’s but who were worried about their memory and who exhibited risk factors for the disease.
The study marks an important milestone in this research area, as the hyperactivation of regions susceptible to the Alzheimer’s as shown by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was observed in people with no clinical symptoms and before the onset of cognitive impairments detected with standardized tests.
“This study indicates that abnormal activation in these areas may be observed many years before diagnosis,” said Belleville.
This finding is crucial to the advancement of knowledge about the disease., she continued.
“Alzheimer’s disease is progressive and may emerge in the brain 20 to 30 years before diagnosis. It is therefore very important to pinpoint biomarkers – that is, physical and detectable signs of the disease – and to better understand the initial effects on the brain. Hyperactivation could therefore represent one of the first signs of Alzheimer’s disease.”
An inverse U-shape
The team observed that, as the disease progresses, neuronal activation follows an inverse U-shape trajectory. Indeed, activation in certain areas of the brain in the early stages of Alzheimer’s may significantly increase before the neuronal loss that is caused by the disease leads to a clear decrease in activation.
“This form may characterize the underlying pathological process and help doctors determine the stage of the disease,” explained Corriveau-Lecavalier, the study’s first author. “When combined with other indicators such as blood work and cognitive tests, this type of neuroimaging investigation could help with possible earlier detection.”
For their study, the team used data from the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease to study brain activation in groups of individuals at a high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease who had performed a memory task while being scanned with fMRI. One group consisted of 28 individuals who were concerned about their memory but who did not show cognitive impairments on traditional clinical tests. The other group included 26 individuals with mild cognitive impairments.
The researchers found that the individuals in the first group, or those with memory complaints but who did not show objective cognitive impairments, had abnormally high levels of activation in multiple key regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Individuals with mild cognitive impairments, who are considered to be at a more advanced stage of the disease, tended to show decreased activation in these brain regions.
About this Alzheimer’s disease research news
Source: University of Montreal
Contact: Julie Gazaille – University of Montreal
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Open access.
“A quadratic function of activation in individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease” by Sylvie Belleville et al. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring
Abstract
A quadratic function of activation in individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease
Introduction
Brain activation is hypothesized to form an inverse U‐shape in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with hyperactivation in the early phase, followed by hypoactivation.
Methods
Using task‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested the inverse U‐shape hypothesis with polynomial regressions and between‐group comparisons in individuals with subjective cognitive decline plus (SCD+; smaller hippocampal volumes compared to a group of healthy controls without SCD and/or apolipoprotein E [APOE] ε4 allele) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Results
A quadratic function modeled the relationship between proxies of disease severity (neurodegeneration, memory performance) and left superior parietal activation. Linear negative functions modeled the relationship between neurodegeneration and left hippocampal/right inferior temporal activation. Group comparison indicated presence of hyperactivation in SCD+ and hypoactivation in MCI in the left superior parietal lobule, relative to healthy controls.
Discussion
These findings support the presence of an inverse U‐shape model of activation and suggest that hyperactivation might represent a biomarker of the early AD stages.