Summary: During simulated driving, people’s minds tend to wander upwards of 70% of the time, researchers report.
Source: Frontiers.
Scientists investigated potentially dangerous day-dreaming in drivers, and found that it is very common, and produces distinctive brain activity.
Researchers in the United States have investigated mind wandering in volunteers during a driving simulation. When prompted at random during the simulation, the volunteers reported mind wandering 70% of the time. Using electrophysiological measurements, the researchers could identify specific changes in brain patterns when the volunteers were mind wandering.
Are you always attentive when driving? How about on the monotonous commute home after a long day’s work? It can be difficult to keep our attention sharp while driving, especially on routes that we drive daily, or when we are tired after work. However, driver inattention is a major factor in road traffic crashes and fatalities. The most obvious sources of driver distraction are external, such as phones or other mobile devices, and scientists have extensively studied the role of these distractions in road accidents.
However, many traffic accidents occur without any obvious external distractions. Mind wandering is an understudied form of distraction, where drivers start daydreaming and shift their attention from driving to internal thoughts. To stay safe, drivers need to remain aware of other road users and respond rapidly to unexpected events, and mind wandering might reduce their ability to do so. Because drivers may not be explicitly aware that their mind is wandering, it can be difficult to quantify it.
In a recent study, published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, American scientists investigated how frequent mind wandering is during a driving simulation, and whether they could find tell-tale changes in brain patterns for a wandering mind.
The researchers asked a group of volunteers to use a driving simulator, while hooked up to an electrophysiological monitoring system, to measure electrical activity in their brains. For five days in a row, the volunteers completed two 20-minute driving simulations along a monotonous stretch of straight highway at a constant speed, to mimic a commute to and from work. Between the two “commutes”, they completed a written test to simulate the mentally draining effect of a day’s work.
Throughout the experiment, the volunteers heard a buzzer at random intervals, and every time the buzzer sounded they used a tablet computer to indicate if their mind had been wandering right before they heard the buzzer, and if so, if they had been explicitly aware of their mind wandering or not.
“We found that during simulated driving, people’s minds wander a lot – some upwards of 70% of the time,” says Carryl Baldwin, of George Mason University, who was involved in the study. Participants’ minds were more likely to wander on the second drive of the simulation (the drive home after work), and on average, they were aware of their mind wandering only 65% of the time.
The scientists could also directly detect mind wandering from the volunteers’ brain activity. “We were able to detect periods of mind wandering through distinctive electrophysiological brain patterns, some of which indicated that the drivers were likely less receptive to external stimuli,” says Baldwin.
So, what does this mean? Is mind wandering dangerous, and if so, can we stop doing it? “Mind wandering may be an essential part of human existence and unavoidable. It may be a way to restore the mind after a long day at the office,” says Baldwin. “What we are not sure about yet, is how dangerous it is during driving. We need additional research to figure this out,” she explains. “In terms of improving safety in the future, one option could be autonomous transport systems, like self-driving cars, that allow people’s minds to wander when it is safe to do so, but re-engage when they need to pay attention.”
Funding: Funding provided by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Source: Melissa Cochrane – Frontiers
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Carryl Baldwin.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Detecting and Quantifying Mind Wandering during Simulated Driving” by Carryl L. Baldwin, Daniel M. Roberts, Daniela Barragan, John D. Lee, Neil Lerner and James S. Higgins in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Published online August 8 2017 doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00406
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Frontiers “Mind Wandering Is Common While Driving.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews,1 September 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/mind-wandering-driving-7394/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Frontiers (2017, September 1). Mind Wandering Is Common While Driving. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved September 1, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/mind-wandering-driving-7394/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Frontiers “Mind Wandering Is Common While Driving.” https://neurosciencenews.com/mind-wandering-driving-7394/ (accessed September 1, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Detecting and Quantifying Mind Wandering during Simulated Driving
Mind wandering is a pervasive threat to transportation safety, potentially accounting for a substantial number of crashes and fatalities. In the current study, mind wandering was induced through completion of the same task for 5 days, consisting of a 20-min monotonous freeway-driving scenario, a cognitive depletion task, and a repetition of the 20-min driving scenario driven in the reverse direction. Participants were periodically probed with auditory tones to self-report whether they were mind wandering or focused on the driving task. Self-reported mind wandering frequency was high, and did not statistically change over days of participation. For measures of driving performance, participant labeled periods of mind wandering were associated with reduced speed and reduced lane variability, in comparison to periods of on task performance. For measures of electrophysiology, periods of mind wandering were associated with increased power in the alpha band of the electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as a reduction in the magnitude of the P3a component of the event related potential (ERP) in response to the auditory probe. Results support that mind wandering has an impact on driving performance and the associated change in driver’s attentional state is detectable in underlying brain physiology. Further, results suggest that detecting the internal cognitive state of humans is possible in a continuous task such as automobile driving. Identifying periods of likely mind wandering could serve as a useful research tool for assessment of driver attention, and could potentially lead to future in-vehicle safety countermeasures.
“Detecting and Quantifying Mind Wandering during Simulated Driving” by Carryl L. Baldwin, Daniel M. Roberts, Daniela Barragan, John D. Lee, Neil Lerner and James S. Higgins in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Published online August 8 2017 doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00406
