Summary: Transgender men have a four times higher risk of heart attack than cisgender women, and twice the rate of heart attack than cisgender males. For transgender women, the risk of heart attack is twice the risk as in cisgender women. However, there is no significant difference in risk between transgender women and cisgender males.
Source: American Heart Association
A new study indicates transgender men and women have a higher risk of heart attack – more than four times in some instances – than people who identify as the gender with which they were born.
The findings are being presented Friday at the American Heart Association’s Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Scientific Sessions in Arlington, Virginia. The George Washington University-led study also appears in the AHA journal Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes.
“This has not been a topic that has been discussed a lot in the past,” said Dr. Tran Nguyen, one of the study’s principal authors.
“But previous studies have shown that the transgender population has been more prone to more cardiovascular risk factors, such as poverty, smoking … and depression,” said Nguyen, an internal medicine resident at George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington, D.C. “What surprised us was that the rate of heart attacks would be that much higher.”
A 2016 analysis by the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law estimated about 1.4 million Americans identify as transgender.
The researchers analyzed data spanning 2014-2017 from a nationwide health survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Among the questions were whether respondents had ever had a heart attack and whether they classified themselves as transgender.
Even after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors such as age, high blood pressure, diabetes and lack of exercise, transgender men (who were born biologically female but now identify as male) had more than four times the rate of heart attack as cisgender women (who were born biologically female and identify as female) – 7.2 percent compared with 3.1 percent. Transgender men also had more than twice the rate of heart attack as cisgender men (who were born biologically male and identify as male).
Transgender women (who were born biologically male and identify as female) had more than twice the rate of heart attack as cisgender women. There was no significant difference in heart attack rates for transgender women and cisgender men.
“We need more research about causation,” Tran said. “But I hope this will bring awareness to both the health care providers and the transgender population.”
Dr. Paul Chan, a cardiologist, and professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, agreed. But he deemed the study preliminary, for many reasons.
“It begins the conversation and that’s the important thing,” said Chan, who was not involved in the study. “But it’s an observational study, and that is very limited.”
For example, Chan said, the survey did not ask how long the subject had identified as transgender, whether the heart attack occurred before or after changing gender identification, and whether the subjects had undergone gender reassignment surgery.
Most importantly, he said, the survey did not include data about hormone therapy – testosterone for transgender men and estrogen for transgender women – which has been linked to increased risk of heart disease.
In addition, “The majority of population reporting as transgender are younger, so the true risk of heart attack may not be known for years,” Chan said.
“We need large cohort studies to follow up,” he said, referring to research that establishes links between risk factors and health outcomes. “And we need to think about how we design gender questions, not just perpetuate the issue as binary because we only give two options. That will give us a lot more data about risks and benefits.”
In the meantime, Nguyen said, transgender patients and their doctors need to be especially vigilant in controlling other risk factors for heart disease.
“They need to have open conversations about this,” she said, “so we can decrease the risk in this population.”
Source:
American Heart Association
Media Contacts:
Tran Nguyen – American Heart Association
Image Source:
The image is adapted from the American Heart Association news release.
Original Research: Open access
“Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Myocardial Infarction in the Transgender Population”
Talal Alzahrani, MD, MPH, Tran Nguyen, MD, Angela Ryan, MD, Ahmad Dwairy, MD, James McCaffrey, MD, Raza Yunus, MD, Joseph Forgione, MD, Joseph Krepp, MD, Christian Nagy, MD, Ramesh Mazhari, MD, Jonathan Reiner, MD Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005597
Abstract
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Myocardial Infarction in the Transgender Population
Background:
As of 2016, ≈1.4 million people in the United States identify as transgender. Despite their growing number and increasing specific medical needs, there has been a lack of research on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors in this population. Recent studies have reported that the transgender population had a significantly higher rate of CVD risk factors without a significant increase in overall CVD morbidity and mortality. These studies are limited by their small sample sizes and their predominant focus on younger transgender populations. With a larger sample size and inclusion of broader age range, our study aims to provide insight into the association between being transgender and cardiovascular risk factors, as well as myocardial infarction.
Methods and Results:
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2014 to 2017 were used to evaluate the cross-sectional association between being transgender and the reported history of myocardial infarction and CVD risk factors. A logistic regression model was constructed to study the association between being transgender and myocardial infarction after adjusting for CVD risk factors including age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, chronic kidney disease, smoking, and exercise. Multivariable analysis revealed that transgender men had a >2-fold and 4-fold increase in the rate of myocardial infarction compared with cisgender men (odds ratio, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.14–5.63; P=0.02) and cisgender women (odds ratio, 4.90; 95% CI, 2.21–10.90; P<0.01), respectively. Conversely, transgender women had >2-fold increase in the rate of myocardial infarction compared with cisgender women (odds ratio, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.78–3.68; P<0.01) but did not have a significant increase in the rate of myocardial infarction compared with cisgender men.
Conclusions:
The transgender population had a higher reported history of myocardial infarction in comparison to the cisgender population, except for transgender women compared with cisgender men, even after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors.
