Summary: Four or five angry monkeys at one time can cause the social system to destabilize and cause massive fights to break out, researchers report.
Source: Santa Fe Institute.
Previous studies of flocks, swarms, and schools suggest that animal societies may verge on a “critical” point–in other words, they are extremely sensitive and can be easily tipped into a new social regime. But exactly how far animal societies sit from the critical point and what controls that distance remain unknown.
Now an analysis of conflicts within a captive community of pigtail macaque monkeys has helped to answer these questions by showing how agitated monkeys can precipitate critical, large-scale brawls. In the study, fights were often small, involving just two or three monkeys, but sometimes grew to be very large, with as many as 30 of the 48 adults in the society. Bryan Daniels at the ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems, together with David Krakauer and Jessica Flack of the Santa Fe Institute, used ideas and models from statistical mechanics to ask whether the monkeys’ conflict behavior was near a critical point. They report what they found in this week’s Nature Communications.
Daniels, Krakauer, and Flack discovered that the distance from the critical point can be measured in terms of the “number of monkeys” that have to become agitated to push the system over the edge. Daniels says that in this system “agitating four or five individuals at a time can cause the system to destabilize and huge fights to break out.” However, Daniels says, each monkey makes a distinct contribution to group sensitivity–and these individual differences may allow distance from the critical point to be more easily controlled. Group members that break up fights can move the system away from the critical point by quelling the monkeys that contribute most to group sensitivity. Other group members, by targeting and agitating these individuals, can move the system towards the critical point and ready it for reconfiguration.
Animal societies may benefit from the group sensitivity that lets them cross critical social thresholds. Being sensitive allows for rapid adaptation–think fish switching from foraging mode to escape mode–but it can also make a society less robust to individuals’ mistakes. This tradeoff between robustness and adaptability is related to distance from the critical point.
An open question is whether animal societies collectively adjust their distance from criticality, becoming less sensitive when the environment is known and more sensitive when the environment becomes less predictable. Daniels says, “I think we’ve just scratched the surface.”
Source: Jenna Marshall – Santa Fe Institute
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to A.J. Haverkamp.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Control of finite critical behaviour in a small-scale social system” by Bryan C. Daniels, David C. Krakauer & Jessica C. Flack in Nature Communications. Published online February 10 2017 doi:10.1038/ncomms14301
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Santa Fe Institute “Monkey Fights Help Explain Tipping Points in Animal Societies.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 11 February 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/social-monkey-fights-6104/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Santa Fe Institute (2017, February 11). Monkey Fights Help Explain Tipping Points in Animal Societies. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved February 11, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/social-monkey-fights-6104/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Santa Fe Institute “Monkey Fights Help Explain Tipping Points in Animal Societies.” https://neurosciencenews.com/social-monkey-fights-6104/ (accessed February 11, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Control of finite critical behaviour in a small-scale social system
Many adaptive systems sit near a tipping or critical point. For systems near a critical point small changes to component behaviour can induce large-scale changes in aggregate structure and function. Criticality can be adaptive when the environment is changing, but entails reduced robustness through sensitivity. This tradeoff can be resolved when criticality can be tuned. We address the control of finite measures of criticality using data on fight sizes from an animal society model system (Macaca nemestrina, n=48). We find that a heterogeneous, socially organized system, like homogeneous, spatial systems (flocks and schools), sits near a critical point; the contributions individuals make to collective phenomena can be quantified; there is heterogeneity in these contributions; and distance from the critical point (DFC) can be controlled through biologically plausible mechanisms exploiting heterogeneity. We propose two alternative hypotheses for why a system decreases the distance from the critical point.
“Control of finite critical behaviour in a small-scale social system” by Bryan C. Daniels, David C. Krakauer & Jessica C. Flack in Nature Communications. Published online February 10 2017 doi:10.1038/ncomms14301
