Researchers Reprogram Network of Brain Cells in Mice With Thin Beam of Light

Summary: A new optogenetics study adds support for brain plasticity.

Source: Columbia University.

Findings add support for brain plasticity, says study.

Neurons that fire together really do wire together, says a new study in Science, suggesting that the three-pound computer in our heads may be more malleable than we think.

In the latest issue of Science, neuroscientists at Columbia University demonstrate that a set of neurons trained to fire in unison could be reactivated as much as a day later if just one neuron in the network was stimulated. Though further research is needed, their findings suggest that groups of activated neurons may form the basic building blocks of learning and memory, as originally hypothesized by psychologist Donald Hebb in the 1940s.

“I always thought the brain was mostly hard-wired,” said the study’s senior author, Dr. Rafael Yuste, a neuroscience professor at Columbia University. “But then I saw the results and said ‘Holy moly, this whole thing is plastic.’ We’re dealing with a plastic computer that’s constantly learning and changing.”

The researchers were able to control and observe the brain of a living mouse using the optogenetic tools that have revolutionized neuroscience in the last decade. They injected the mouse with a virus containing light-sensitive proteins engineered to reach specific brain cells. Once inside a cell, the proteins allowed researchers to remotely activate the neuron with light, as if switching on a TV.

The mouse was allowed to run freely on a treadmill while its head was held still under a microscope. With one laser, the researchers beamed light through its skull to stimulate a small group of cells in the visual cortex. With a second laser, they recorded rising levels of calcium in each neuron as it fired, thus imaging the activity of individual cells.

Before optogenetics, scientists had to open the skull and implant electrodes into living tissue to stimulate neurons with electricity and measure their response. Even a mouse brain of 100 million neurons, nearly a thousandth the size of ours, was too dense to get a close look at groups of neurons.

Optogenetics allowed researchers to get inside the brain non-invasively and control it far more precisely. In the last decade, researchers have restored sight and hearing to blind and deaf mice, and turned normal mice aggressive, all by manipulating specific brain regions.

The breakthrough that allowed researchers to reprogram a cluster of cells in the brain is the culmination of more than a decade of work. With tissue samples from the mouse visual cortex, Yuste and his colleagues showed in a 2003 study in Nature that neurons coordinated their firing in small networks called neural ensembles. A year later, they demonstrated that the ensembles fired off in sequential patterns through time.

As techniques for controlling and observing cells in living animals improved, they learned that these neural ensembles are active even without stimulation. They used this information to develop mathematical algorithms for finding neural ensembles in the visual cortex. They were then able to show, as they had in the tissue samples earlier, that neural ensembles in living animals also fire one after the other in sequential patterns.

The current study in Science shows that these networks can be artificially implanted and replayed, says Yuste, much as the scent of a tea-soaked madeleine takes novelist Marcel Proust back to his memories of childhood.

Pairing two-photon stimulation technology with two-photon calcium imaging allowed the researchers to document how individual cells responded to light stimulation. Though previous studies have targeted and recorded individual cells none have demonstrated that a bundle of neurons could be fired off together to imprint what they call a “neuronal microcircuit” in a live animal’s brain.

Image shows visual cortex neurons in a mouse.
In this photo of living mouse neurons, calcium imaging techniques record the firing of individual neurons and their pulses of electricity. NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Yuste Laboratory/Columbia University.

“If you told me a year ago we could stimulate 20 neurons in a mouse brain of 100 million neurons and alter their behavior, I’d say no way,” said Yuste, who is also a member of the Data Science Institute. “It’s like reconfiguring three grains of sand at the beach.”

The researchers think that the network of activated neurons they artificially created may have implanted an image completely unfamiliar to the mouse. They are now developing a behavioral study to try and prove this.

“We think that these methods to read and write activity into the living brain will have a major impact in neuroscience and medicine,” said the study’s lead author, Luis Carrillo-Reid, a postdoctoral researcher at Columbia.

Dr. Daniel Javitt, a psychiatry professor at Columbia University Medical Center who was not involved in the study, says the work could potentially be used to restore normal connection patterns in the brains of people with epilepsy and other brain disorders. Major technical hurdles, however, would need to be overcome before optogenetic techniques could be applied to humans.

About this neuroscience research article

Funding: The study’s other authors are Weijan Yang, Yuki Bando and Darcy Peterka, all of Columbia’s Yuste Laboratory. The researchers received support from the National Eye Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and U.S. Army Research office and laboratory.

The research is part of a $300 million brain-mapping effort called the U.S. BRAIN Initiative, which grew out of an earlier proposal by Yuste and his colleagues to develop tools for mapping the brain activity of fruit flies to more complex mammals, including humans.

Source: Kim Martineau – Columbia University
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Yuste Laboratory/Columbia University.
Original Research: Abstract for “Imprinting and recalling cortical ensembles” by Luis Carrillo-Reid, Weijian Yang, Yuki Bando, Darcy S. Peterka, and Rafael Yuste in Science. Published online August 11 2016 doi:10.1126/science.aaf7560

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Columbia University. “Researchers Reprogram Network of Brain Cells in Mice With Thin Beam of Light.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 11 August 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/optogenetics-brain-plasticity-4832/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Columbia University. (2016, August 11). Researchers Reprogram Network of Brain Cells in Mice With Thin Beam of Light. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/optogenetics-brain-plasticity-4832/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Columbia University. “Researchers Reprogram Network of Brain Cells in Mice With Thin Beam of Light.” https://neurosciencenews.com/optogenetics-brain-plasticity-4832/ (accessed August 11, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Imprinting and recalling cortical ensembles

Neuronal ensembles are coactive groups of neurons that may represent building blocks of cortical circuits. These ensembles could be formed by Hebbian plasticity, whereby synapses between coactive neurons are strengthened. Here we report that repetitive activation with two-photon optogenetics of neuronal populations from ensembles in the visual cortex of awake mice builds neuronal ensembles that recur spontaneously after being imprinted and do not disrupt preexisting ones. Moreover, imprinted ensembles can be recalled by single- cell stimulation and remain coactive on consecutive days. Our results demonstrate the persistent reconfiguration of cortical circuits by two-photon optogenetics into neuronal ensembles that can perform pattern completion.

“Imprinting and recalling cortical ensembles” by Luis Carrillo-Reid, Weijian Yang, Yuki Bando, Darcy S. Peterka, and Rafael Yuste in Science. Published online August 11 2016 doi:10.1126/science.aaf7560

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