Concussion: How the NFL Came to Shape the Issue That Plagued It

Summary: A new study reviews how demands for institutional change led the NFL to change its ideology and engage in advocacy to address football related concussion.

Source: University of Michigan.

Players kneeling during the national anthem is the most recent NFL controversy, but certainly not the first nor the biggest.

Concussion has dogged the NFL since the 1990s, and its initial response––avoidance and superficial gestures to mollify critics––damaged its public image. However, in recent years, the league has repositioned itself as a leader in concussion prevention and research, a new University of Michigan study shows.

The study found that the NFL’s newly proactive stance shows how a large organization can wrest control of and shape the very issue that haunted it.

“They said, ‘We’ll change, but it’s going to be on our terms, we want to be the leaders in concussion,’ ” said Kathryn Heinze, assistant professor in kinesiology and study author. “They said, ‘If we have to change, we’ll take credit. We’ll create the funding, we’ll create the partnerships with other organizations, we’ll work to pass new laws.’ When they finally realized they had to do something they realized they had to be the leaders.”

The NFL is likely one of the few organizations that could achieve this, largely because it’s so influential, said Heinze. Still, the league would have been better off implementing these changes years earlier.

“There’s a lesson here around getting ahead of these changes sooner and avoiding the intermediate stages where organizations resist or avoid change,” Heinze said. “They may have avoided some of those lawsuits, or the Judiciary Hearings on concussion, yet we still see this path very often.”

The study’s purpose wasn’t to judge the NFL’s handling of concussion, but rather to look at how one organization reacted to demands for institutional change. Heinze stressed that findings in no way suggest that the NFL has done all it can to protect players from concussion, only that it has now adopted a leadership role in addressing the problem.

Researchers looked at the NFL’s response to concussion from the early 1990s to 2015. From the 1990s to 2008, the NFL either dismissed concussion as a non-issue or made superficial gestures that didn’t yield substantial change, a strategy called decoupling. Later the league made significant but incremental changes that didn’t yield fundamental shifts.

Image shows footballs in a net.
The study’s purpose wasn’t to judge the NFL’s handling of concussion, but rather to look at how one organization reacted to demands for institutional change. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

For instance, in 1994 the league created a concussion study committee, but most members were affiliated with the league and weren’t concussion experts. Later, it appointed an independent director, but 10 of the 14 members remained tied to the league in some way.

However, from 2009 to 2015, the league responded to intense, coercive internal and external pressure by making fundamental organizational shifts, the study says. For instance, it abolished the existing, much-criticized concussion committee and established the Head, Neck and Spine committee, which consisted only of concussion experts unaffiliated with the NFL.

More importantly, Heinze said, the league changed its ideology and also engaged in advocacy, which enabled it to shape the agenda regarding the concussion issue. It finally acknowledged the long-term effects of concussion. It served as a broker, forming partnerships with academia, government and business. It was instrumental in passing a law in 50 states to protect youth athletes who experience concussion; only four states passed this law prior to NFL involvement.

Heinze said researchers were surprised by how dramatically an organization’s position could shift in a relatively short time.

”I know it took a while, but once they decided to go in that direction, they attacked it from multiple perspectives,” she said.

Whether other large organizations model the NFL and take a leadership role on controversial issues remains to be seen. Heinze said the NFL’s initial response of denial and avoidance is much more typical.

About this neuroscience research article

Co-author on this paper is Di Lu, a doctoral candidate in kinesiology.

Source: Laura Bailey – University of Michigan
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Abstract for “Shifting Responses to Institutional Change: The National Football League and Player Concussions” by Kathryn L. Heinze and Di Lu in Journal of Sport Management. Published online September 2017 doi:10.1123/jsm.2016-0309

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]University of Michigan “Concussion: How the NFL Came to Shape the Issue That Plagued It.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 30 September 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/nfl-concussion-7627/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]University of Michigan (2017, September 30). Concussion: How the NFL Came to Shape the Issue That Plagued It. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved September 30, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/nfl-concussion-7627/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]University of Michigan “Concussion: How the NFL Came to Shape the Issue That Plagued It.” https://neurosciencenews.com/nfl-concussion-7627/ (accessed September 30, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Shifting Responses to Institutional Change: The National Football League and Player Concussions

Institutional research increasingly suggests that organizations are not passive recipients of institutional demands. Organizations can adopt a variety of strategies, including dismissing, decoupling, and co-opting, in response to pressure to change. Over time, organizations likely adopt different approaches, particularly as the institutional field continues to evolve. Through a longitudinal case study of the National Football League’s responses to player concussions, we investigated shifts in how a powerful sport governing body responds to institutional change over time. We found that the National Football League moved through different responses, from more reactive strategies—including dismissing, decoupling, and acquiescing—to proactive attempts to control institutional change. Using data on the National Football League, we offer propositions about the factors that may influence organizational responses. This study advances understanding of powerful sport governing bodies’ responses to institutional change.

“Shifting Responses to Institutional Change: The National Football League and Player Concussions” by Kathryn L. Heinze and Di Lu in Journal of Sport Management. Published online September 2017 doi:10.1123/jsm.2016-0309

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