Researchers at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles have made an important step toward finding a target in the fight against drug-resistant neuroblastoma (NBL), the most common solid malignancy found, outside of the skull, in children.
Led by Muller Fabbri, MD, PhD, of the Children’s Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute of CHLA, and published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute on May 13, the study looked at how exosomic miRNAs released within the tumor environment affect resistance to chemotherapy.
Exosomes are vesicles, or “envelopes,” that deliver their cargo of microRNA (miRNA) – small molecules that are not translated into working proteins, but may regulate basic cellular processes. For example, miRNAs are important for regulating protein production by repressing, or turning off, genes.
“The main reason for the recurrence of neuroblastoma – and essentially, all types of cancer – is a growing resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy,” said Fabbri, who is also with the Norris Cancer Center at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. “The goal of this study was to assess whether, and to what extent, exosomic miRNAs are involved in the development of drug resistance through the tumor microenvironment.”
Within the tumor microenvironment, where cancers grow, acquire the ability to metastasize and develop resistance to treatment, there is a lot of cross-talk. Exosomes are involved in this inter-cellular communication by shuttling messages between NBL cells and monocytes, neighboring white blood cells that are part of the body’s innate immune system.
TAMs – tumor-associated macrophages – are also found in close proximity to the tumor, and are derived from circulating monocytes. TAMs function in both pro-tumor and anti-tumor ways, depending on the type of cancer. In NBL, they represent a negative prognostic factor, and the CHLA scientists hypothesized that TAMs somehow affected resistance to chemotherapy through the exchange of exosomic miRNAs.
The scientists found that specific miRNAs were exchanged (via exosome “envelopes”) between the tumor and TAMs, and discovered the process by which cancer cells release these envelopes and TAMs receive them. As a result of the exchange, a specific microRNA called MiR155, which is seen at high levels in tumors, is up regulated. Yet, when the researchers looked for expression of MiR155 in cancer cell lines, it was surprisingly low. It turns out this is because MiR155 doesn’t derive from the cancer cell line, but from the tumor microenvironment, and is secreted by the exosome back to the cancer cell where it silences an important gene – TERF1.
TERF1 is present at telomeres (essential parts of human cells that help determine how cells age) throughout the cell cycle, and functions as an inhibitor of telomerase – an enzyme found in tumors. The telomeres of normal cells act as an “internal clock” that measures when cells become old and should die; in cancer cells, high telomerase activity continuously resets this clock.
“So the cancer cells continue to live, even when they are supposed to die,” Fabbri explains, adding that high telomerase activity is a hallmark of cancer, and TERF1 protein levels are low in cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy.
When MiR155 is delivered via the exosomes, it suppresses TERF1, leading to increased telomerase activity and increased resistance to chemotherapy. The researchers concluded that if the cross talk can be blocked – in essence, stopping the “mail delivery” of exosomes to cancer cells – the cancer cells would start dying again in the presence of chemotherapy.
They tested their hypothesis in vitro and in vivo, using artificial exosomes containing miR155 and blocking them with a molecule (GW4869) known to silence production of exosomes. They observed what they suspected would happen – more cancer cells died with chemotherapy treatment when the exosome delivery system was blocked. Moreover, they did not observe toxicity in animal models as a result of this process. The next step is to find out how to block only those exosomes carrying the cargo that silences TERF1, and not those that are “good” messengers – since exchange of messages through exosomes also occurs among normal cells.
“By discovering this complicated molecular mechanism behind how the presence of TAMs works to worsen the prognosis of a patient with neuroblastoma, we now know what to target,” said Fabbri.
Additional contributors to the study include Kishore B. Challagundla, Petra M. Wise, Paolo Neviani, Haritha Chava and Mariam Murtadha, CHLA and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC); Tong Xu and Amir Goldkorn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC; Rebekah Kennedy, Michael Hadjidaniel, Ambrose Jong, Hiroyuki Shimada, Shahab Asgharzadeh and Robert Seeger, CHLA; Cristina Ivan, Xinna Zhang and George A. Calin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Ivan Vannini, Francesca Fanini and Dino Amadori, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Italy.
Funding: Funding was provided by the St. Baldrick’s Foundation and the Pablove Foundation; by the National Institutes of Health grants P30CA014089, PO1CA081403-15, 1UH2TR00943-01, RO1 CA 182905-01 and P50 CA093459 from the National Cancer Institute; and a Brain SPORE grant, 2P50CA127001. Fabbri is a St. Baldrick Foundation’s Scholar.
Source: Debra Kain – Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles
Image Source: The image is credited to the Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
Original Research: Abstract for “Exosome-Mediated Transfer of microRNAs Within the Tumor Microenvironment and Neuroblastoma Resistance to Chemotherapy” by Kishore B. Challagundla, Petra M. Wise, Paolo Neviani, Haritha Chava, Mariam Murtadha, Tong Xu, Rebekah Kennedy, Cristina Ivan, Xinna Zhang, Ivan Vannini, Francesca Fanini, Dino Amadori, George A. Calin, Michael Hadjidaniel, Hiroyuki Shimada, Ambrose Jong, Robert C. Seeger, Shahab Asgharzadeh, Amir Goldkorn, and Muller Fabbri in Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Published online May 13 2015 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv135
Abstract
Exosome-Mediated Transfer of microRNAs Within the Tumor Microenvironment and Neuroblastoma Resistance to Chemotherapy
Background: How exosomic microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the development of drug resistance in the context of the tumor microenvironment has not been previously described in neuroblastoma (NBL).
Methods: Coculture experiments were performed to assess exosomic transfer of miR-21 from NBL cells to human monocytes and miR-155 from human monocytes to NBL cells. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess miR-155 targeting of TERF1 in NBL cells. Tumor growth was measured in NBL xenografts treated with Cisplatin and peritumoral exosomic miR-155 (n = 6 mice per group) CD163, miR-155, and TERF1 levels were assessed in 20 NBL primary tissues by Human Exon Arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Student’s t test was used to evaluate the differences between treatment groups. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results: miR-21 mean fold change (f.c.) was 12.08±0.30 (P < .001) in human monocytes treated with NBL derived exosomes for 48 hours, and miR-155 mean f.c. was 4.51±0.25 (P < .001) in NBL cells cocultured with human monocytes for 48 hours. TERF1 mean luciferase activity in miR-155 transfected NBL cells normalized to scrambled was 0.36 ± 0.05 (P <.001). Mean tumor volumes in Dotap-miR-155 compared with Dotap-scrambled were 322.80±120mm3 and 76.00±39.3mm3, P = .002 at day 24, respectively. Patients with high CD163 infiltrating NBLs had statistically significantly higher intratumoral levels of miR-155 (P = .04) and lower levels of TERF1 mRNA (P = .02). Conclusions: These data indicate a unique role of exosomic miR-21 and miR-155 in the cross-talk between NBL cells and human monocytes in the resistance to chemotherapy, through a novel exosomic miR-21/TLR8-NF-кB/exosomic miR-155/TERF1 signaling pathway.
“Exosome-Mediated Transfer of microRNAs Within the Tumor Microenvironment and Neuroblastoma Resistance to Chemotherapy” by Kishore B. Challagundla, Petra M. Wise, Paolo Neviani, Haritha Chava, Mariam Murtadha, Tong Xu, Rebekah Kennedy, Cristina Ivan, Xinna Zhang, Ivan Vannini, Francesca Fanini, Dino Amadori, George A. Calin, Michael Hadjidaniel, Hiroyuki Shimada, Ambrose Jong, Robert C. Seeger, Shahab Asgharzadeh, Amir Goldkorn, and Muller Fabbri in Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Published online May 13 2015 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv135
