Summary: The ‘shock and kill’ therapeutic strategy for treating HIV could potentially cause harmful neuroinflammation, a new study reveals.
Source: Johns Hopkins Medicine.
Combination drug treatments have become successful at long-term control of HIV infection, but the goal of totally wiping out the virus and curing patients has so far been stymied by HIV’s ability to hide out in cells and become dormant for long periods of time. Now a new study on HIV’s close cousin, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), in macaques finds that a proposed curative strategy could backfire and make things worse if the virus is in fact lurking in the brain.
One of the proposed curative strategies for HIV, known as “shock and kill,” first uses so-called latency-reversing agents to wake up dormant viruses in the body, making them vulnerable to the patient’s immune system. The idea is that this, in combination with antiretroviral medicines, would wipe out the majority of infected cells.
But based on a study of macaques with SIV, a group of researchers warns in a report published in the January 2 issue of the journal AIDS that such a strategy could cause potentially harmful brain inflammation.
“The potential for the brain to harbor significant HIV reservoirs that could pose a danger if activated hasn’t received much attention in the HIV eradication field,” says Janice Clements, Ph.D., professor of molecular and comparative pathobiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. “Our study sounds a major cautionary note about the potential for unintended consequences of the shock-and-kill treatment strategy.”
HIV research efforts have long focused on prevention and developing antiretroviral therapies that keep the virus in check without eradicating it, essentially transforming HIV into a manageable chronic condition, says Lucio Gama, Ph.D., assistant professor of molecular and comparative pathobiology at Johns Hopkins and the lead author of the new study. Then, in 2009, a group in Berlin reported it had cured a man of HIV by giving him a bone marrow transplant from a donor whose genetics conferred natural resistance to the virus. This galvanized federal funding of new research projects aimed at finding a more broadly applicable “AIDS cure,” Gama says. He and Clements are part of that pursuit as members of the Collaboratory of AIDS Researchers for Eradication.
One cure strategy being pursued is to find a medication that would “wake up” virus in the reservoirs, forcing it to reveal itself. But Gama says that could be problematic if HIV reservoirs exist in the brain, and investigators already had some evidence that they do: the many cases of AIDS dementia that developed before the current antiretroviral cocktail treatment was developed. “Research had also shown that HIV can infect monocytes in the blood, which we know cross into the brain,” he says. But no studies had definitively answered whether significant reservoirs of latent HIV in patients under long-term therapy could be sustained in the brain — in part because, in autopsies, it is unclear whether virus detected in the brain comes from brain cells themselves or surrounding blood.
For the new study, Clements, Gama and their collaborators treated three pig-tailed macaque monkeys infected with SIV with antiretrovirals for more than a year. Then the researchers gave two of the macaques ingenol-B, a latency-reversing agents thought to “wake up” the virus. “We didn’t really see any significant effect,” Gama says, “So we coupled ingenol-B with another latency-reversing agent, vorinostat, which is used in some cancer treatments to make cancer cells more vulnerable to the immune system.” The macaques also continued their course of antiretrovirals throughout the experiment.
After a 10-day course of the combined treatment, one of the macaques remained healthy, while the other developed symptoms of encephalitis, or brain inflammation, Gama says, and blood tests revealed an active SIV infection. When the animal’s illness worsened, the researchers humanely killed it and carefully removed the blood from its body so that blood sources of the virus would not muddle their examination of the brain. Testing revealed SIV was still present in the brain, but only in one of the regions analyzed: the occipital cortex, which processes visual information. The affected area was so small that “we almost missed it,” he says.
Gama cautions that the results of their study on macaques with SIV may not apply to humans with HIV. It’s also possible, he says, that the encephalitis was transient and could have resolved by itself. Still, he says, the results signal a need for extra caution in exploring ways to flush out HIV reservoirs and eradicate the virus from the body.
Other authors on the paper are Celina M. Abreu, Erin N. Shirk, Sarah L. Price, Ming Li, Greg M. Laird, Kelly A. Metcalf Pate and Robert F. Siliciano of The Johns Hopkins University; Stephen W. Wietgrefe and Ashley T. Haase of the University of Minnesota; Shelby L. O’Connor of the University of Wisconsin; Luiz Pianowski of Kyolab in Brazil; Carine van Lint of the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium; and the LRA-SIV Study Group.
Funding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (grant number P01MH070306-01), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (grant number U19A1076113), the National Institutes of Health’s Office of the Director (grant numbers P40OD013117 and P51OD011106), the Research Facilities Improvement Program (grant numbers RR15459-01 and RR020141-01), the France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites, the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS Belgium), the Fondation Roi Baudouin, the NEAT program and the Wallo on Region (the Excellence Program Cibles).
Source: Shawna Williams – Johns Hopkins Medicine
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Stephen Wietgrefe.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Reactivation of simian immunodeficiency virus reservoirs in the brain of virally suppressed macaques” by Gama, Lucio; Abreu, Celina M.; Shirk, Erin N.; Price, Sarah L.; Li, Ming; Laird, Greg M.; Pate, Kelly A. Metcalf; Wietgrefe, Stephen W.; O’Connor, Shelby L.; Pianowski, Luiz; Haase, Ashley T.; Van Lint, Carine; Siliciano, Robert F.; The LRA-SIV Study Group; and Clements, Janice E in AIDS. Published online December 2016 doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001267
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Johns Hopkins Medicine. “”Shock and Kill” Strategy for Curing HIV May Endanger Patients’ Brains.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 4 December 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/hiv-neurology-damage-6679/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2016, December 4). “Shock and Kill” Strategy for Curing HIV May Endanger Patients’ Brains. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/hiv-neurology-damage-6679/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Johns Hopkins Medicine. “”Shock and Kill” Strategy for Curing HIV May Endanger Patients’ Brains.” https://neurosciencenews.com/hiv-neurology-damage-6679/ (accessed December 4, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Reactivation of simian immunodeficiency virus reservoirs in the brain of virally suppressed macaques
Objective: Resting CD4+ T cells have been recognized as the major cell reservoir of latent HIV-1 during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using an simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model for AIDS and HIV-related neurocognitive disorders we assessed the contribution of the brain to viral latency and reactivation.
Design: Pigtailed macaques were dual inoculated with SIVDeltaB670 and SIV17E-Fr and treated with an efficacious central nervous system-penetrant ART. After 500 days of viral suppression animals were treated with two cycles of latency reversing agents and increases in viral transcripts were examined.
Methods: Longitudinal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads were analyzed by quantitative and digital droplet PCR. After necropsy, viral transcripts in organs were analyzed by PCR, in-situ hybridization, and phylogenetic genotyping based on env V1 loop sequences. Markers for neuronal damage and CSF activation were measured by ELISA.
Results: Increases in activation markers and plasma and CSF viral loads were observed in one animal treated with latency reversing agents, despite ongoing ART. SIV transcripts were identified in occipital cortex macrophages by in-situ hybridization and CD68+ staining. The most abundant SIV genotype in CSF was unique and expanded independent from viruses found in the periphery.
Conclusion: The central nervous system harbors latent SIV genomes after long-term viral suppression by ART, indicating that the brain represents a potential viral reservoir and should be seriously considered during AIDS cure strategies.
“Reactivation of simian immunodeficiency virus reservoirs in the brain of virally suppressed macaques” by Gama, Lucio; Abreu, Celina M.; Shirk, Erin N.; Price, Sarah L.; Li, Ming; Laird, Greg M.; Pate, Kelly A. Metcalf; Wietgrefe, Stephen W.; O’Connor, Shelby L.; Pianowski, Luiz; Haase, Ashley T.; Van Lint, Carine; Siliciano, Robert F.; The LRA-SIV Study Group; and Clements, Janice E in AIDS. Published online December 2016 doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001267
