Temporarily Turning Off Brain Area to Better Understand Function

Summary: Researchers report that temporarily turning off an area of the brain changes patterns of activity across much of the remaining brain.

Source: UC Davis.

Minimally invasive method allows researchers to better understand brain networks in rhesus monkeys.

Capitalizing on experimental genetic techniques, researchers at the California National Primate Research Center, or CNPRC, at the University of California, Davis, have demonstrated that temporarily turning off an area of the brain changes patterns of activity across much of the remaining brain.

The research suggests that alterations in the functional connectivity of the brain in humans may be used to determine the sites of pathology in complex disorders such as schizophrenia and autism.

The research is published online July 20 in the journal Neuron.

The research, led by David Amaral, distinguished professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and spearheaded by graduate student David Grayson, targeted the amygdala — a small, almond-shaped region deep within brain. The amygdala is known to be important for emotions, especially fear.

Using a technology called “designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs,” or DREADDs, the team genetically modified the neurons of the amygdala to produce molecular on-off switches, or receptors, that are triggered by a drug administered to the animal. When the drug is injected, the receptors shut down activity in the amygdala — effectively turning off this brain region.

Image shows a drawing of a monkey brain.
On the left is a drawing of the monkey brain where each color represents a group of related brain regions. The graph on the right shows how these regions are connected to each other. Each region is represented as a circle, and connections between regions are represented as lines. Regions are considered “connected” when their activity patterns are similar. Looking across the whole brain, these regions and their connections form a cohesive network. NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to David Amaral/UC Davis.

Amaral and his colleagues then evaluated the activity in the rest of the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, when the amygdala was either on or turned off. FMRI allows researchers to measure what is called functional connectivity — the extent to which different brain regions coordinate their activity and form networks.

The team demonstrated that when the amygdala was turned off, patterns of brain activity in other brain regions either decreased or increased. Areas known to be well-connected to the amygdala were particularly affected, but so were brain regions that have no known connections to the amygdala.

“This type of study, where a brain region is turned on and off while carrying out functional imaging, has never been done previously in a monkey,” said Amaral, who is also the director of research at the UC Davis MIND Institute. “This technology establishes a new era of behavioral neuroscience that reduces the number of animal subjects since each subject acts as its own control. We see very direct linkage between this research and our overarching interest in understanding the neural alterations associated with autism.”

John Morrison, director of the CNPRC, said the findings represent “groundbreaking research that has enormous clinical potential. Similar techniques in the future may control abnormal activity in disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. Understanding how brain areas form networks is critical for determining the origin of pathology and eventually developing effective interventions.”

About this neuroscience research article

Other study authors include Eliza Bliss-Moreau, Christopher J. Machado and Jeffrey Bennett, all of UC Davis; Kelly Shen of the Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto; and Kathleen A. Grant and Damien A. Fair, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Funding: Study funded by National Institutes of Health.

Source: Andy Fell – UC Davis
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to David Amaral/UC Davis.
Original Research: Abstract for “The Rhesus Monkey Connectome Predicts Disrupted Functional Networks Resulting from Pharmacogenetic Inactivation of the Amygdala” by David S. Grayson, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, Christopher J. Machado, Jeffrey Bennett, Kelly Shen, Kathleen A. Grant, Damien A. Fair, and David G. Amaral in Neuron. Published online July 20 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.005

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]UC Davis. “Temporarily Turning Off Brain Area to Better Understand Function.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 21 July 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-function-networks-4717/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]UC Davis. (2016, July 21). Temporarily Turning Off Brain Area to Better Understand Function. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved July 21, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-function-networks-4717/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]UC Davis. “Temporarily Turning Off Brain Area to Better Understand Function.” https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-function-networks-4717/ (accessed July 21, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

The Rhesus Monkey Connectome Predicts Disrupted Functional Networks Resulting from Pharmacogenetic Inactivation of the Amygdala

Highlights
•The amygdala was remotely inactivated using the DREADDs technique
•Coupled activity was disrupted throughout cortical networks involving the amygdala
•Altered global dynamics increased coupling between other topologically distant areas
•Simulated anatomical lesions are correlated with diverse network effects

Summary
Contemporary research suggests that the mammalian brain is a complex system, implying that damage to even a single functional area could have widespread consequences across the system. To test this hypothesis, we pharmacogenetically inactivated the rhesus monkey amygdala, a subcortical region with distributed and well-defined cortical connectivity. We then examined the impact of that perturbation on global network organization using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Amygdala inactivation disrupted amygdalocortical communication and distributed corticocortical coupling across multiple functional brain systems. Altered coupling was explained using a graph-based analysis of experimentally established structural connectivity to simulate disconnection of the amygdala. Communication capacity via monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways, in aggregate, largely accounted for the correlational structure of endogenous brain activity and many of the non-local changes that resulted from amygdala inactivation. These results highlight the structural basis of distributed neural activity and suggest a strategy for linking focal neuropathology to remote neurophysiological changes.

“The Rhesus Monkey Connectome Predicts Disrupted Functional Networks Resulting from Pharmacogenetic Inactivation of the Amygdala” by David S. Grayson, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, Christopher J. Machado, Jeffrey Bennett, Kelly Shen, Kathleen A. Grant, Damien A. Fair, and David G. Amaral in Neuron. Published online July 20 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.005

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  1. For to identificate functions and isolating every circuit in this network messes, there is a natural formula. If the brain is a system, it is evolved from which system? From the cell system. The cell evolved from a lateral-pair of nucleotides which is a working system. And this primordial biological system, there was only the atomic and the astronomic system. Of course, these non-biological systems are ancestors of biological systems.

    We have identified the universal formula for these systems, which can be seen at Matrix/DNA Theory website. The surprise discovery is that Nature creates systems applying the vital cycle process over a unique initial body. Like when the vital cycle makes a fetus system becoming an embryo system, then, a baby-system, till an adult system, if we put these different shapes of a unique body linked by a circuit, we got a working complex system, which can be closed or opened system. From atoms to brains, all natural systems are merely different shapes of an initial universal system. All of them has as template, the same formula.

    Every thought, every recording of memory, or any neuronal activity creates a network of connections, a systemic circuit, which is designed as the formula. So, when we see a brain and the complex mess of circuits, if we know the formula, we can separate the complexity into single units. It happens that there is no systemic circuit exactly equal to any other. But the difference among them is the same difference that makes 8 billion human beings and no one is exactly equal to other.

    The most important advance into the knowledge of the brain will be the identification of which brain’s pieces performs one of the seven universal systemic function. The formula is composed by seven different functions and we need identificating how it is designed in the brain. For those working in labs it is an easy task. The brain is a complex system, then, it is necessary that works together experts in systems and experts in neuroscience.

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