Screening could lead to further genetic analysis and advancements in the study and treatment of the disorders.
“We want to detect the specific facial traits of the face of a child with autism,” said Ye Duan, associate professor of computer science in the College of Engineering at MU. “Doing so might help us define the facial structures common to children with autism and potentially enable early screening for the disorder.”
Expanding upon previous studies using two-dimensional imaging, Duan, working with Judith Miles, professor emerita of child health-genetics in the MU Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders at MU, used a system of cameras to photograph and generate three-dimensional images of children’s faces.
The children selected were between 8 and 12 years old. One group of children had been diagnosed with autism by the Thompson Center; the other group consisted of typically developing children. Researchers photographed the faces of children using three-dimensional imaging, which allowed scientists to measure distances along the curvature of the face rather than in a straight line as had been done in previous tests. Duan then ran sophisticated statistical analyses to measure minute differences in the facial measurements of each group.
“It all started from a clinical observation,” Miles said. “Over years of treating children, I noticed that a portion of those diagnosed with autism tend to look alike with similar facial characteristics. I thought perhaps there was something more than coincidence at play. The differences were not abnormal, rather they appeared analogous to similarities observed among siblings. Using three-dimensional images and statistical analysis, we created a ‘fine-tuned map’ of children’s faces and compared those measurements to the various symptoms they exhibit. By clustering the groups based on their facial measurements and recording their autism symptoms, we wanted to determine whether subgroups based on facial structure correlate with autism symptoms and severity.”
The group’s analyses revealed three distinct subgroups of children with autism who had similar measurement patterns in their facial features. These subgroups also shared similarities in the type and severity of their autism symptoms.
Miles said that next steps include inviting other research groups to replicate our findings and to perform DNA analyses to look for specific genes associated with each subgroup. Identifying genes associated with each subtype of autism could potentially lead to the development of more effective treatments and drug therapies, she said.
Duan and Miles worked with Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi, postdoctoral fellow in the College of Engineering at MU, as well as Kristina Aldridge, associate professor of pathology and anatomy, and T. Nicole Takahashi, research core administrator at the Thompson Center. The team’s paper, “Facial structure analysis separates autism spectrum disorders into meaningful clinical subgroups,” was funded in part by the Department of Defense’s Medical Research and Development Program and was published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
Contact: Jeff Sossamon – University of Missouri
Source: University of Missouri press release
Image Source: The image is adapted from the University of Missouri video
Video Source: The video “Advanced 3-D Facial Imaging May Aid in Early Detection of Autism” is available at the MU News Bureau Vimeo page
Original Research: Abstract for “Facial Structure Analysis Separates Autism Spectrum Disorders into Meaningful Clinical Subgroups” by Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi, Judith H. Miles, T. Nicole Takahashi, Wenchuan Qi, Kristina Aldridge, Minqi Zhang, Shi-Qing Xin, Ying He, and Ye Duan in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Published online October 29 2014 doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2290-8
