Image shows a mouse cortex.
In this mouse cortex, a mutation in the CHD8 gene caused increased brain size, or megalencephaly, a condition also present in people with autism spectrum disorder. The colored sections correspond to different layers of the developing cortex. NeuroscienceNews.com image credited to Alex Nord/UC Davis.

Mice Provide Insight Into Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Summary: Researchers report that inducing mutation of the CHD8 gene, mice experience cognitive impairments and have increased brain volume. Both conditions are also seen in people with CHD8 mutations. The findings suggest CHD8 plays a role in brain function throughout life and could affect more that early brain development in people on the autism spectrum.

Source: UC Davis.

While the definitive causes remain unclear, several genetic and environmental factors increase the likelihood of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, a group of conditions covering a “spectrum” of symptoms, skills and levels of disability.

Taking advantage of advances in genetic technologies, researchers led by Alex Nord, assistant professor of neurobiology, physiology and behavior with the Center for Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis, are gaining a better understanding of the role played by a specific gene involved in autism. The collaborative work appears June 26 in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

“For years, the targets of drug discovery and treatment have been based on an unknown black box of what’s happening in the brain,” said Nord. “Now, using genetic approaches to study the impact of specific mutations found in cases, we’re trying to build a cohesive model that links genetic control of brain development with behavior and brain function.”

The Nord laboratory studies how the genome encodes brain development and function, with a particular interest in understanding the genetic basis of neurological disorders.

Mouse brain models

There is no known specific genetic cause for most cases of autism, but many different genes have been linked to the disorder. In rare, specific cases of people with ASD, one copy of a gene called CHD8 is mutated and loses function. The CHD8 gene encodes a protein responsible for packaging DNA in cells throughout the body. Packaging of DNA controls how genes are turned on and off in cells during development.

Because mice and humans share on average 85 percent of similarly coded genes, mice can be used as a model to study how genetic mutations impact brain development. Changes in mouse DNA mimic changes in human DNA and vice-versa. In addition, mice exhibit behaviors that can be used as models for exploring human behavior.

Nord’s laboratory at UC Davis and his collaborators have been working to characterize changes in brain development and behavior of mice carrying a mutated copy of CHD8.

“Behavioral tests with mice give us information about sociability, anxiety and cognition. From there, we can examine changes at the anatomical and cellular level to find links across dimensions,” said Nord. “This is critical to understanding the biology of disorders like autism.”

By inducing mutation of the CHD8 gene in mice and studying their brain development, Nord and his team have established that the mice experience cognitive impairment and have increased brain volume. Both conditions are also present in individuals with a mutated CHD8 gene.

New implications for early and lifelong brain development

Analysis of data from mouse brains reveals that CHD8 gene expression peaks during the early stages of brain development. Mutations in CHD8 lead to excessive production of dividing cells in the brain, as well as megalencephaly, an enlarged brain condition common in individuals with ASD. These findings suggest the developmental causes of increased brain size.

More surprisingly, Nord also discovered that the pathological changes in gene expression in the brains of mice with a mutated CHD8 continued through the lifetime of the mice. Genes involved in critical biological processes like synapse function were impacted by the CHD8 mutation. This suggests that CHD8 plays a role in brain function throughout life and may affect more than early brain development in autistic individuals.

Image shows a mouse cortex.
In this mouse cortex, a mutation in the CHD8 gene caused increased brain size, or megalencephaly, a condition also present in people with autism spectrum disorder. The colored sections correspond to different layers of the developing cortex. NeuroscienceNews.com image credited to Alex Nord/UC Davis.

While Nord’s research centers on severe ASD conditions, the lessons learned may eventually help explain many cases along the autism spectrum.

Collaborating to improve understanding

Nord’s work bridges disciplines and has incorporated diverse collaborators. The genetic mouse model was developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using CRISPR editing technology, and co-authors Jacqueline Crawley and Jill Silverman of the UC Davis MIND Institute evaluated mouse behavior to characterize social interactions and cognitive impairments.

Nord also partnered with co-author Konstantinos Zarbalis of the Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at UC Davis to examine changes in cell proliferation in the brains of mice with the CHD8 mutation, and with Jason Lerch from the Mouse Imaging Centre at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, to conduct magnetic resonance imaging on mouse brains.

“It’s the act of collaboration that I find really satisfying,” Nord said. “The science gets a lot more interesting and powerful when we combine different approaches. Together we were able to show that mutation to CHD8 causes changes to brain development, which in turn alters brain anatomy, function and behavior.”

In the future, Nord hopes to identify how CHD8 packages DNA in neural cells and to determine the specific impacts to early brain development and synaptic function. Nord hopes that deep exploration of CHD8 mutations will ultimately yield greater knowledge of the general factors contributing to ASD and intellectual disability.

About this neuroscience research article

Nord holds joint appointments in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, and is affiliated with the UC Davis Genome Center and MIND Institute. Additional co-authors on the paper are: Andrea Gompers, Linda Su-Feher, Nycole Copping, Tyler Stradleigh, Michael Pride, Melanie Schaffler, Ayanna Wade, Rinaldo Catta-Preta, Iva Zdilar and Shreya Louis, all at UC Davis; Jacob Ellegood, Toronto Hospital for Sick Children; M. Asrafuzzaman Riyadh and Gaurav Kaushik, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento; Brandon Mannion, Ingrid Plajzer-Frick, Veena Afzal, Len Pennacchio and Diane Dickel, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; and Axel Visel, UC Merced and LBNL.

Funding:The research was funded by the UC Davis MIND Institute Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH) and UC Davis.

Source: Andy Fell – UC Davis
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Alex Nord/UC Davis.
Original Research: Abstract for “Germline Chd8 haploinsufficiency alters brain development in mouse” by Andrea L Gompers, Linda Su-Feher, Jacob Ellegood, Nycole A Copping, M Asrafuzzaman Riyadh, Tyler W Stradleigh, Michael C Pride, Melanie D Schaffler, A Ayanna Wade, Rinaldo Catta-Preta, Iva Zdilar, Shreya Louis, Gaurav Kaushik, Brandon J Mannion, Ingrid Plajzer-Frick, Veena Afzal, Axel Visel, Len A Pennacchio, Diane E Dickel, Jason P Lerch, Jacqueline N Crawley, Konstantinos S Zarbalis, Jill L Silverman & Alex S Nord in Nature Neuroscience. Published online June 26 2017 doi:10.1038/nn.4592

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]UC Davis “Mice Provide Insight Into Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 27 June 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-genetics-6985/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]UC Davis (2017, June 27). Mice Provide Insight Into Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved June 27, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-genetics-6985/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]UC Davis “Mice Provide Insight Into Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders.” https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-genetics-6985/ (accessed June 27, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Germline Chd8 haploinsufficiency alters brain development in mouse

The chromatin remodeling gene CHD8 represents a central node in neurodevelopmental gene networks implicated in autism. We examined the impact of germline heterozygous frameshift Chd8 mutation on neurodevelopment in mice. Chd8+/del5 mice displayed normal social interactions with no repetitive behaviors but exhibited cognitive impairment correlated with increased regional brain volume, validating that phenotypes of Chd8+/del5 mice overlap pathology reported in humans with CHD8 mutations. We applied network analysis to characterize neurodevelopmental gene expression, revealing widespread transcriptional changes in Chd8+/del5 mice across pathways disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, including neurogenesis, synaptic processes and neuroimmune signaling. We identified a co-expression module with peak expression in early brain development featuring dysregulation of RNA processing, chromatin remodeling and cell-cycle genes enriched for promoter binding by Chd8, and we validated increased neuronal proliferation and developmental splicing perturbation in Chd8+/del5 mice. This integrative analysis offers an initial picture of the consequences of Chd8 haploinsufficiency for brain development.

“Germline Chd8 haploinsufficiency alters brain development in mouse” by Andrea L Gompers, Linda Su-Feher, Jacob Ellegood, Nycole A Copping, M Asrafuzzaman Riyadh, Tyler W Stradleigh, Michael C Pride, Melanie D Schaffler, A Ayanna Wade, Rinaldo Catta-Preta, Iva Zdilar, Shreya Louis, Gaurav Kaushik, Brandon J Mannion, Ingrid Plajzer-Frick, Veena Afzal, Axel Visel, Len A Pennacchio, Diane E Dickel, Jason P Lerch, Jacqueline N Crawley, Konstantinos S Zarbalis, Jill L Silverman & Alex S Nord in Nature Neuroscience. Published online June 26 2017 doi:10.1038/nn.4592

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