Summary: People with a family history of Alzheimer’s disease perform worse on learning tasks than those without a genetic link to the disease. The learning impairments appear to be exacerbated by the APOE E4 gene and diabetes.
Source: eLife
Adults with a first-degree relative with Alzheimer’s disease perform more poorly on online paired-learning tasks than adults without such a family history, and this impairment appears to be exacerbated by having diabetes or a genetic variation in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene linked to the disease.
The findings, published on Tuesday in eLife, may help identify people who have increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and could uncover new ways to delay or prevent the disease.
“Identifying factors that reduce or eliminate the effect of a family history of Alzheimer’s disease is particularly crucial since there is currently no cure or effective disease-slowing treatments,” says lead author Joshua Talboom, Ph.D., a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Translational Genomics Research Institute in Arizona, US.
Having a family history of Alzheimer’s disease is a well-known risk factor for developing the condition, but the effects on learning and memory throughout a person’s life are less clear. Some studies have been conducted in this area, but most have been too small to draw significant conclusions.
To enable a larger study, Talboom and colleagues created an easy-to-use website, http://www.mindcrowd.org, that participants could log on to and complete a memory test. Participants were asked to learn 12-word pairs and were then tested on their ability to complete the missing half of the pair when presented with one of the words.
The 59,571 individuals who participated were also asked to answer questions about their sex, education, age, language, country and health, including a question about whether one of their parents or siblings had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Those with a family history of Alzheimer’s were able to match about two and one-half fewer word pairs than individuals without a family history. Having diabetes appeared to compound the learning impairments seen in individuals with a family history.
A subset of 742 participants who had a close relative with Alzheimer’s submitted a sample of dried blood or saliva that the researchers tested for a genetic variation in the APOE gene linked to the disease. “The APOE genotype is an important genetic factor that influences memory, and we found that those with the variation performed worse on the memory test than those without the variation,” Talboom explains.
Some characteristics, however, appeared to protect against memory and learning impairments in people with a family history of Alzheimer’s disease. Participants with higher levels of education experience less of a decline in scores on the learning and memory test than people with lower levels of education, even when they have a family history of the disease. Women also appear to fare better despite having Alzheimer’s disease risk factors.
“Our study supports the importance of living a healthy lifestyle, properly treating diseases such as diabetes, and building learning and memory reserve through education to reduce the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk factors,” concludes senior author Matthew Huentelman, Professor of Neurogenomics at the Translational Genomics Research Institute, Arizona.
Source:
eLife
Media Contacts:
Emily Packer – eLife
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access
“Family history of Alzheimer’s disease alters cognition and is modified by medical and genetic factors”. Joshua S Talboom, Asta Håberg, Matthew D De Both, Marcus A Naymik, Isabelle Schrauwen, Candace R Lewis, Stacy F Bertinelli, Callie Hammersland, Mason A Fritz, Amanda J Myers, Meredith Hay, Carol A Barnes, Elizabeth Glisky, Lee Ryan, Matthew J Huentelman.
eLife. doi:10.7554/eLife.46179
Abstract
Family history of Alzheimer’s disease alters cognition and is modified by medical and genetic factors
In humans, a first-degree family history of dementia (FH) is a well-documented risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the influence of FH on cognition across the lifespan is poorly understood. To address this issue, we developed an internet-based paired-associates learning (PAL) task and tested 59,571 participants between the ages of 18–85. FH was associated with lower PAL performance in both sexes under 65 years old. Modifiers of this effect of FH on PAL performance included age, sex, education, and diabetes. The Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele was also associated with lower PAL scores in FH positive individuals. Here we show, FH is associated with reduced PAL performance four decades before the typical onset of AD; additionally, several heritable and non-heritable modifiers of this effect were identified.
